[Assessment of microhaemodynamics and oxygenation in tissues after the vestibuloplasty with the use of a free dermal autograft in patients after the reconstructive jaw surgery with the use of the revascularized autografts]. / Otsenka sostoyaniya mikrogemodinamiki i oksigenatsii v tkanyakh posle vestibuloplastiki s ispol'zovaniem svobodnogo dermal'nogo autotransplantata u patsientov posle rekonstruktivnoi operatsii na chelyustyakh s primeneniem revaskulyarizirovannykh autotransplantatov.

Purpose of the study: to study the features of microhaemodynamics and oxygenation in soft tissues in the area of the plastically reconstructed jaw after the vestibuloplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 40 patients aged 20 to 65 (21 males and 19 females). The patients were divided into two groups: I group (14 patients) - patients after reconstructive surgery with the use a fibula autograft without the inclusion of a musculocutaneous «islet¼; II group (26 patients) - patients after reconstructive surgery with the use a fibula autograft with the inclusion of a musculocutaneous «islet¼. To correct the prosthetic bed soft tissues, all patients underwent vestibuloplasty with the use of a free dermal autograft. To study microcirculation in tissues, the laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) method was used. Microcirculation status was assessed by microcirculation index characterizing the level of tissue blood flow; parameter «σ,¼ which determines the oscillability of the flow of red blood cells and by coefficient of variation, characterizing vasomotor activity of microvessels. According to the Wavelet analysis of LDF-grams the blood flow bypass was determined. An oxygenation study was carried out in the tissues of the plastically restored jaw by optical tissue oximetry, the results of which determined the oxygenation index and the specific oxygen consumption index. RESULTS: According to LDF data after vestibuloplasty, it was found that in I group, the microcirculation in soft tissues of the plastically reconstructed jaw restored in 21 days, and in II group in 2 months, which persisted at 6 months. In I group, the level of oxygenation and specific oxygen consumption normalized in 21 days, and in II group in 2 months, which persisted at 6 months. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this functional study, it was found that before vestibuloplasty microcirculation and oxygenation indices in II group patients were lower than those in I group patients. After vestibuloplasty with the use of a free dermal autograft, microcirculation indices in II group patients restored in 2 months, while in I group patients those indices restored in 21 days.

Technical Note on Vestibuloplasty around Dental Implants Using Erbium YAG Laser-Assisted Periosteal Fenestration (LA-PF).

Various vestibuloplasty techniques have been reported to increase the attached mucosa (AM) and vestibular depth around dental implants. However, these surgical methods have disadvantages, such as limitations in manipulation, necessity of suturing, postoperative discomfort, swelling, and pain. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of laser-assisted periosteal fenestration (LA-PF) in treating patients with a shallow vestibule and insufficient AM around dental implants. LA-PF was performed using an Erbium YAG laser (Er:YAG laser). First, a partial-thickness, apically positioned flap was used. A horizontal periosteal fenestration was performed using an Er:YAG laser to expose the bones. Periosteal suturing was not required. After 12 months, sufficient AM and deep vestibules were obtained and maintained. Thus, the LA-PF technique may be a simple and predictable treatment modality for shallow vestibules with insufficient AM around dental implants.

Three-dimensional changes of a porcine collagen matrix and free gingival grafts for soft tissue augmentation to increase the width of keratinized tissue around dental implants: a randomized controlled clinical study.

BACKGROUND: Emerging clinical data points to the relevance of the presence of keratinized tissue (KT). Although apically positioned flap/vestibuloplasty along with free gingival graft (FGG) is considered as a standard intervention for augmenting KT, substitute materials appear to be a viable treatment alternative. So far, there is a lack of data investigating the dimensional changes at implant sites treated with soft-tissue substitutes or FGG. AIM: The present study aimed at comparing three-dimensional changes of a porcine derived collagen matrix (CM) and FGG for increasing KT at dental implants over a 6-month follow-up period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study enrolled 32 patients exhibiting deficient KT width (i.e., < 2 mm) at the vestibular aspect who underwent soft tissue augmentation using either CM (15 patients/23 implants) or FGG (17 patients/31 implants). The primary outcome was defined as tissue thickness change (mm) at treated implant sites between 1- (S0), 3- (S1), and 6-months (S2). Secondary outcomes considered changes of KT width over a 6-month follow-up period, surgical treatment time, and patient-reported outcomes. RESULTS: Dimensional analyses from S0 to S1 and from S0 to S2 revealed a mean decrease in tissue thickness of - 0.14 ± 0.27 mm and - 0.04 ± 0.40 mm in the CM group, and - 0.08 ± 0.29 mm and - 0.13 ± 0.23 mm in the FGG group, with no significant differences noted between the groups (3 months: p = 0.542, 6 months: p = 0.659). Likewise, a comparable tissue thickness decrease was observed from S1 to S2 in both groups (CM: - 0.03 ± 0.22 mm, FGG: - 0.06 ± 0.14 mm; p = 0.467). The FGG group exhibited a significantly greater KT gain after 1, 3 and 6 months compared to the CM group (1 month: CM: 3.66 ± 1.67 mm, FGG: 5.90 ± 1.58 mm; p = 0.002; 3 months: CM: 2.22 ± 1.44; FGG: 4.91 ± 1.55; p = 0.0457; 6 months: CM: 1.45 ± 1.13 mm, FGG: 4.52 ± 1.40 mm; p < 0.1). Surgery time (CM: 23.33 ± 7.04 min.; FGG: 39.25 ± 10.64 min.; p = 0.001) and postoperative intake of analgesics were significantly lower in the CM group (CM: 1.2 ± 1.08 tablets; FGG: 5.64 ± 6.39 tablets; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: CM and FGG were associated with comparable three-dimensional thickness changes between 1 and 6 months. While a wider KT band could be established with FGG, the use of CM significantly reduced surgical time and patients´ intake of analgesics.

Modified vestibuloplasty of the zygomaticoalveolar crest to gain intradefect support for an obturator prosthesis.

This clinical report details a novel surgical modification at the time of maxillectomy to improve obturator function. A vestibuloplasty and split thickness skin graft of the zygomaticoalveolar crest created a denture-bearing surface that, when engaged, provided support and stability for the obturator prosthesis. This report outlines the surgical and prosthodontic procedures and the results achieved.

Connective tissue graft versus xenogeneic collagen matrix for soft tissue augmentation at implant sites: a randomized-controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this randomized clinical trial (RCT) is to compare xenogeneic collagen matrix (XCM) versus subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) to increase soft tissue thickness at implant site. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was a randomized, parallel-group controlled investigation. Thirty patients underwent buccal soft tissue thickness augmentation at the stage of implant placement by two different methods: SCTG (control group) and XCM (test group). Primary outcome was the amount of buccal soft tissue thickness gain, 3 months after the intervention. Secondary outcomes were the operation time, the amount of keratinized mucosa (KM), pain syndrome (PS), and patients' quality of life (QL). Histologic evaluation was also performed. RESULTS: The amount of soft tissue thickness gain was 1.55±0.11 mm in SCTG group, and 1.18±0.11mm in XCM group. The difference between the SCTG and XCM was -0.366 (-0.66 to -0.07; p=0.016). Operation time with XCM was 8.4 (3.737 to 13.06) min shorter than that with the SCTG (p=0.001). KT, PS, and QL for both groups were not statistically significantly different at any time point (p>0.05). At histological examination, the general picture in both groups was similar. No significant differences between the studied groups in most indices, except for the average and maximum formation thickness, cellularity of the basal, mitotic activity and also maximum length of rete ridges. CONCLUSION: Within limitations, this study demonstrates that the use of SCTG provides a statistically significant superior soft tissue thickness gain than XCM for soft tissue augmentation procedures around implants. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: XCM can be used as the method of choice for increasing the thickness of soft tissues.

Blood flow kinetics of a xenogeneic collagen matrix following a vestibuloplasty procedure in the human gingiva-An explorative study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to investigate temporal and spatial blood flow patterns following vestibuloplasty procedures using a collagen matrix (CM) to get an insight into the timing and direction of neovascularization in the CM. METHODS: Five patients were treated using a modified apically repositioned flap combined with a CM. Intraoral photographs and blood flow measurements by laser speckle contrast imaging were taken for 12 months. Thirty regions of interest in the graft and the surrounding mucosa were evaluated. The clinical parameters were assessed after 6 and 12 months. VEGF expression was analyzed in the wound fluid on days 2 and 4. RESULTS: At 6 months, the mean width of keratinized gingiva increased, but the thickness was unchanged. Scar formation was observed in all cases. Perfusion in the graft began to increase at the lateral and coronal edges and then spread concentrically toward the center. The apical side showed a significant delay in perfusion, the highest VEGF expression, and wound fluid production as well as the most abundant scar formation. CONCLUSIONS: Neovascularization occurs mainly from the lateral and coronal edges, which may limit the extent of the surgical area. Abundant scar formation may be explained by increased VEGF expression induced by prolonged ischemia in this area.

Collagen Matrix Vascularization in a Peri-Implant Vestibuloplasty Situation Proceeds Within the First Postoperative Week.

PURPOSE: Vestibuloplasty is a frequently performed surgical procedure to create or increase soft tissue mucosal sealing around dental restorations. Collagen matrices have exhibited comparable clinical results as free gingival grafts in the context of intraoral tissue augmentation. However, the process of matrix vascularization, the basic requirement for local healing, is incompletely understood. Therefore, this study investigated collagen matrix perfusion in a clinical intraoral setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a prospective cohort study, vestibuloplasty was performed during implant exposure using prefabricated collagen matrices. Matric perfusion was determined intraoperatively and at days 2, 5, 7, 14, 30, and 90 using a laser Doppler spectrophotometer measuring oxygen saturation, relative amount of hemoglobin, blood flow, and blood velocity as primary outcome variables. These parameters were compared with perfusion of the oral mucosa surrounding the matrices. Statistical analysis was performed by applying variance and regression models. RESULTS: In 10 patients (average age, 60.9 yr), vestibuloplasty was performed exclusively in the anterior mandible. Blood flow and tissue oxygen saturation in the augmented zones markedly increased until postoperative day 5 and approximated perfusion values of the adjacent mucosa at the following 2 time points. Likewise, matrix oxygen saturation markedly increased until day 7 and subsequently converged to perfusion parameters of the surrounding mucosa at the following time points. CONCLUSION: Flow signals in incorporated collagen matrices occurred on day 2 after vestibuloplasty and further increased until days 5 to 7. Therefore, matrix perfusion mainly occurs within the first postoperative week, converging to perfusion levels of the surrounding mucosa with minimal alterations during the following course.

Injerto de Piel en Territorio Oral: Presentación de un Caso / Skin Graft in Oral Cavity. Case Report

RESUMEN: Los injertos de piel consisten en la toma de un segmento de epidermis y dermis logrando una separación completa del sitio dador y del aporte vascular, transfiriéndolos a un sitio receptor. Existen dos tipos de injertos de piel: de espesor parcial y de espesor total. En cavidad oral se utilizan en reconstrucción de lengua, piso de boca, mucosa bucal y defectos producto de maxilectomías. Se presenta el caso de un paciente sexo masculino 26 años que acudió por secuela de tejidos duros y blandos secundarios a trauma facial hace 7 años. Al examen se observó pérdida de fondo de vestíbulo en sector mandibular anteroinferior y pérdida de piezas anteroinferiores. Bajo anestesia general, se realizó vestibuloplastía más injerto de piel de espesor parcial abordando el antebrazo izquierdo de donde se tomó el injerto de piel con el dermatomo. Se llevó el injerto a boca posicionándolo con la dermis hacia la zona cruenta del sitio receptor, cubriendo la cara interna de labio denudada y fijándolo con sutura continua. Se instaló splint de acrílico en el área para mantener colgajos en posición fijándolo con 3 tornillos de 15 mm. Debemos considerar todos los requisitos funcionales de la cavidad oral al momento de planificar una reconstrucción. El injerto de piel de espesor parcial permite tener una buena resistencia, movilidad adecuada y menor contracción por cicatrización. El paciente evoluciona de manera satisfactoria con una clara mejoría en la función labial, en la morfología del vestíbulo oral y en su estética.

ABSTRACT: Skin grafts consist in taking a segment of dermis and epidermis, achieving a complete separation of the donor site and vascular supply, and transferring them to a receptor site. There are two types of skin grafts: split-thickness and full-thickness. In the oral cavity, they are used in tongue reconstruction, oral mucosa reconstruction, floor of mouth reconstruction and in defects product of maxillectomies. We present a case of a 26-year-old male patient who presented sequelae of hard and soft tissues secondary to facial trauma. Clinical examination showed a compromised vestibule and loss of anterior mandibular teeth. Under general anesthesia, soft tissue management consisting of vestibuloplasty and a split-thickness skin graft was performed. The skin graft was taken from the forearm with a dermatome. The graft was then taken to the mouth with the dermis towards the wounded area of the recipient site, covering the inner face of the denuded lip and fixing it with sutures. An acrylic splint was installed in the area to keep the flaps and skin graft in position, fixing it with three 15 mm screws. We must consider all functional requirements of the oral cavity when planning a reconstruction. The split-thickness skin graft allows for good resistance, adequate mobility and less contraction due to scars. The patient evolves with definite improvement in labial function, the morphology of the oral vestibule and in its aesthetic.

A retrospective comparison of three modalities for vestibuloplasty in the posterior mandible: apically positioned flap only vs. free gingival graft vs. collagen matrix.

OBJECTIVES: This work aimed to comparatively evaluate the three modalities of vestibuloplasty around implants in the posterior mandible. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients who presented with a shallow vestibule and insufficient keratinized gingiva were divided into three groups: apically positioned flap only (APF group), APF with free gingival graft (FGG group), and APF with collagen matrix (CM group). The width of KT was measured at baseline, immediately after surgery (T0), and 6 months (T6) and 12 months after surgery (T12). An esthetic evaluation (color match, contour, and texture) was conducted. RESULTS: Most of the shrinkage occurred within 6 months. The FGG group demonstrated less shrinkage of KT up to 12 months compared to the APF and CM groups. The APF and CM groups exhibited a prolonged and similar rate of shrinkage. The APF and CM groups also showed significantly better esthetic profiles. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of the present study, FGG may be the most predictable modality for increasing KT in the posterior mandible, but it should be emphasized that the posterior mandible does not require high esthetics. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The effect of apically positioned flap and collagen matrix may be diminished by several factors in posterior mandible, such as low vestibule and high muscle pull. For increasing the dimension of keratinized tissue in posterior mandible, conventional free gingival graft may be more predictable compared to other options.

Clinical and histologic evaluation of different approaches to gain keratinized tissue prior to implant placement in fully edentulous patients.

OBJECTIVES: This work aimed to investigate the effectiveness and predictability of different treatment modalities for gain of keratinized tissue (KT) in fully edentulous jaws prior to dental implant placement: apically positioned flap (APF), APF plus xenogeneic collagen matrix (XCM), and APF plus free gingival graft (FGG). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In fully edentulous patients with insufficient zones of KT at the prospective implant positions, four treatment modalities were performed in the lower jaw: APF, XCM, FGG, and an untreated control group (control). APF and XCM were applied in the first molar positions, FGG and control in the canine positions. Assessed outcomes up to 3 months post-surgery included changes in width of KT (over a 3-month period), histomorphometric analysis of harvested soft-tissue biopsies (at 3 months postoperatively), and patient-reported outcomes measures (PROMs). RESULTS: For the primary outcome, changes in KT width demonstrated an increase of 1.93 ± 1.6 mm (APF), whereas XCM and FGG showed an increase of 4.63 ± 1.25 mm and 3.64 ± 2.01, respectively. Histomorphometric analyses revealed a thickness of the epithelium ranging between 375 ± 122 µm (APF), 410 ± 116 µm (XCM), 336 ± 122 µm (FGG), and 413 ± 109 µm (control). All biopsies showed a regular muco-periosteal structure with a keratinized epithelium of comparable thickness in all groups. CONCLUSION: All three methods were suitable to increase the width of KT, although APF alone rendered roughly 50% less gain compared to XCM and FGG. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of XCM in conjunction with an APF represents a valuable treatment option for the gain of keratinized tissue in edentulous sites.

Vestibuloplastia peri-implantar associada à regeneração tecidual guiada no tratamento da peri-implantite / Peri-implant vestibuloplasty and guided tissue regeneration in the peri-implantitis treatment

Levando em consideração que a peri-implantite é de etiologia multifatorial, embora o fator determinante seja o biofilme dentário, é interessante buscar formas de minimizar as perdas ósseas ocorridas. Desta maneira, ainda que ressalvas possam ser feitas à possibilidade concreta de se obter uma regeneração tecidual guiada, pode-se entender como uma alternativa válida para buscar, pelo menos, estabilizar o processo de progressão desta perda. Concomitantemente a este procedimento, e tendo em vista a indicação de vestibuloplastia para melhor prevenção da recidiva de peri-implantite, foi possível obter um resultado favorável dentro do objetivo proposto, em uma única intervenção cirúrgica. Material e métodos: paciente do sexo feminino, com 68 anos de idade, fumante moderada (8-10 cigarros/dia), se apresentou com exsudato purulento na face mesiovestibular do implante 46. Debelada a fase aguda por meio de fisioterapia local, a paciente foi submetida à cirurgia peri-implantar visando à interceptação da perda óssea por meio de "regeneração tecidual guiada" associada à vestibuloplastia, com a utilização de enxerto gengival subepitelial. Resultados: foi possível obter estabilização da perda óssea, bem como diminuição na profundidade de sondagem, além da redução de exsudato no implante em discussão. Conclusão: além disso, a vestibuloplastia criou melhores condições anatômicas estruturais devido ao tecido ceratinizado obtido e, sobretudo, criou um favorável acesso à escovação em toda a extensão dos quatro implantes, antevendo- -se melhor possibilidade de preservação do resultado.

Taking into account that the peri-implantitis is of multifactorial etiology, although the determining factor is the dental biofilm, it is interesting to look for ways to minimize the bone losses that have occurred. Thus, although safeguards can be made to the concrete possibility of obtaining a guided tissue regeneration, it can be understood as a valid alternative to seek to at least stabilize the process of progression of this loss. Concomitantly to this procedure and in view of the indication of vestibuloplasty for better prevention of recurrence of peri-implantitis, it was possible in a single surgical intervention to obtain a favorable result within the proposed objective. Material and methods: a 68-year-old female patient, moderate smoker (8-10 cigarettes/day) presented with purulent exudate on the mesiobuccal surface of the implant in the region of the 46. After the acute phase, through local physiotherapy, the patient underwent to peri-implant surgery aiming the interception of bone loss by means of "guided tissue regeneration" associated with vestibuloplasty with the use of subepithelial gingival graft. Results: it was possible to obtain a stabilization of the bone loss, as well as a decrease in the depth of probing, besides the reduction of exudate in the implant under discussion. Conclusion: the vestibuloplasty created better anatomical structural conditions due to the keratinized tissue obtained, and above all, the favorable access to brushing throughout the four implants, predicting a better possibility of preservation of the result.

Versatilidad del colgajo miomucoso de buccinador en la reconstrucción de defectos en el área maxilofacial / Versatility of the buccinator myomucosal flap in reconstruction of maxillofacial defects

Introducción. El colgajo miomucoso de buccinador, en sus diferentes variantes, representa una forma de reconstrucción en el área maxilofacial que se ha ido promoviendo de forma importante en las 2 últimas décadas. Métodos. Aportamos una serie de 25 casos reconstruidos mediante dicho colgajo. Damos datos del tamaño y localización de los defectos. Mostramos las diversas técnicas de obtención del colgajo en función de la localización de la zona a cubrir y describimos las posibles complicaciones. Resultados. Todos los colgajos realizados fueron viables; el tamaño medio fue de 41×31mm. En 4 de los casos se procedió a esqueletizar el pedículo facial para conseguir una mejor longitud o adaptabilidad. En 3 casos se utilizó de forma concomitante otra técnica reconstructiva. Las complicaciones fueron escasas y la mayoría relacionadas con bridas en la zona donante. Conclusión. El colgajo miomucoso de buccinador constituye quizás la mejor opción en la reconstrucción de los defectos de tamaño medio del área maxilofacial. Esto es así debido a su gran versatilidad para cubrir la gran mayoría de los defectos, tener un buena longitud del pedículo y aportar un tejido mucoso que, en la mayoría de los casos, será el más adecuado para cubrir el defecto (AU)

Introduction. The buccinator myomucosal flap, in its various forms has been used in the reconstruction of the maxillofacial defects, and has been promoted significantly in the last 2 decades. Methods. A study is presented of 25 cases reconstructed by this flap, with information on the size and location of the defects. Several techniques are described for obtaining the flap depending on the location of the area to cover, as well as their possible complications. Results. All flaps were feasible. The mean size was 41×31mm. In 4 cases, facial pedicle skeletisation was performed in order to get more length or better suitability. In 3 cases, other reconstructive techniques were used concomitantly. Complications were rare and mostly related to flanges at the donor site. Conclusion. The buccinator myomucosal flap is probably the best choice in the reconstruction of medium-sized defects of the maxillofacial area. This is due to its versatility to cover the vast majority of defects, with a good pedicle length, and provides mucosal tissue that is, in the majority, suitable for the area to cover (AU)

Soft tissue augmentation around osseointegrated and uncovered dental implants: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: The aim was to compile the current knowledge about the efficacy of different soft tissue correction methods around osseointegrated, already uncovered and/or loaded (OU/L) implants with insufficient soft tissue conditions. Procedures to increase peri-implant keratinized mucosa (KM) width and/or soft tissue volume were considered. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Screening of two databases: MEDLINE (PubMed) and EMBASE (OVID), and manual search of articles were performed. Human studies reporting on soft tissue augmentation/correction methods around OU/L implants up to June 30, 2016, were considered. Quality assessment of selected full-text articles to weight risk of bias was performed using the Cochrane collaboration's tool. RESULTS: Overall, four randomized controlled trials (risk of bias = high/low) and five prospective studies (risk of bias = high) were included. Depending on the surgical techniques and graft materials, the enlargement of keratinized tissue (KT) ranged between 1.15 ± 0.81 and 2.57 ± 0.50 mm. The apically positioned partial thickness flap (APPTF), in combination with a free gingival graft (FGG), a subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG), or a xenogeneic graft material (XCM) were most effective. A coronally advanced flap (CAF) combined with SCTG in three, combined with allogenic graft materials (AMDA) in one, and a split thickness flap (STF) combined with SCTG in another study showed mean soft tissue recession coverage rates from 28 to 96.3 %. STF combined with XCM failed to improve peri-implant soft tissue coverage. CONCLUSIONS: The three APPTF-techniques combined with FGG, SCTG, or XCM achieved comparable enlargements of peri-implant KT. Further, both STF and CAF, both in combination with SCTG, are equivalent regarding recession coverage rates. STF + XCM and CAF + AMDA did not reach significant coverage. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In case of soft tissue deficiency around OU/L dental implants, the selection of both an appropriate surgical technique and a suitable soft tissue graft material is of utmost clinical relevance.

Expansion of the peri-implant attached gingiva with a three-dimensional collagen matrix in head and neck cancer patients-results from a prospective clinical and histological study.

OBJECTIVES: Attached peri-implant gingiva has proven to have an influence on the long-term stability of dental implants. In patients with head and neck cancer, a functional peri-implant gingiva is even more of critical importance. The aim of the presented prospective study was to investigate a three-dimensional xenogeneic collagen matrix for augmentation around dental implants in patients with former head and neck cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eight patients presenting with insufficient peri-implant gingiva underwent vestibuloplasty on 51 implants using a xenogeneic collagen matrix. The clinical performance and the shrinking tendency of the matrix were analyzed in a cohort study. Furthermore, eight biopsies from the augmented regions were examined histologically to determine the biomaterial-related tissue reaction. RESULTS: Initially after vestibuloplasty, a mean width of attached gingiva of 4.4 ± 0.94 mm could be achieved. At clinical follow up investigation 6 months after vestibuloplasty, a mean width of 3.9 ± 0.65 mm attached peri-implant gingiva with a mean shrinking tendency of 14 % could be detected. Histological analysis of the biopsies revealed a well integrated collagen22 matrix covered with epithelium. Within the compact layer, mononuclear cells were observed only, while the spongious layer was infiltrated with a cell-rich connective tissue. CONCLUSION: Within its limits, the presented study revealed that the investigated collagen matrix is suitable to enlarge the peri-implant attached gingiva in head and neck cancer patients without adverse reactions or a multinucleated giant cell-triggered tissue reaction. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The application of the investigated three-dimensional collagen matrix in vestibuloplasty achieved a sufficient amount of peri-implant attached gingiva in head and neck cancer patients. The favorable tissue reaction and the low shrinking tendency make the collagen matrix a promising alternative to autologous tissue grafts.

Natural teeth-retained splint based on a patient-specific 3D-printed mandible used for implant surgery and vestibuloplasty: A case report.

RATIONALE: With respect to improving the quality of oral rehabilitation, the management of keratinized mucosa is as important as bone condition for implant success. To enhance this management, a natural teeth-retained splint based on a patient-specific 3-dimensional (3D) printed mandible was used in vestibuloplasty to provide sufficient keratinized mucosa around dental implants to support long-term implant maintenance. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 28-year-old male patient had a fracture of the anterior andible 1 year ago, and the fracture was treated with titanium. DIAGNOSES: The patient had lost mandibular incisors on both the sides and had a shallow vestibule and little keratinized mucosa. INTERVENTIONS: In the first-stage implant surgery, 2 implants were inserted and the titanium fracture fixation plates and screws were removed at the same time. During second-stage implant surgery, vestibuloplasty was performed, and the natural teeth-retained splint was applied. The splint was made based upon a patient-specific 3D-printed mandible. At 30-day follow-up, the splint was modified and reset. The modified splint was removed after an additional 60 days, and the patient received prosthetic treatment. OUTCOMES: After prosthetic treatment, successful oral rehabilitation was achieved. Within 1 year and 3 years after implant prosthesis finished, the patient exhibited a good quantity of keratinized gingiva. LESSONS SUBSECTIONS: The proposed splint is a simple and time-effective technique for correcting soft tissue defects in implant dentistry that ensures a good quantity of keratinized mucosa.

[Dental implantation and soft tissue augmentation after ridge preservation in a molar site: a case report].

For ideal implant rehabilitation, an adequate bone volume, optical implant position, and stable and healthy soft tissue are required. The reduction of alveolar bone and changes in its morphology subsequent to tooth extraction will result in insufficient amount of bone and adversely affect the ability to optimally place dental implants in edentulous sites. Preservation of alveolar bone volume through ridge preservation has been demonstrated to reduce the vertical and horizontal contraction of the alveolar bone crest after tooth extraction and reduce the need for additional bone augmentation procedures during implant placement. In this case, a patient presented with a mandible molar of severe periodontal disease, the tooth was removed as atraumatically as possible and the graft material of Bio-Oss was loosely placed in the alveolar socket without condensation and covered with Bio-Gide to reconstruct the defects of the alveolar ridge. Six months later, there were sufficient height and width of the alveolar ridge for the dental implant, avoiding the need of additional bone augmentation and reducing the complexity and unpredictability of the implant surgery. Soft tissue defects, such as gingival and connective tissue, played crucial roles in long-term implant success. Peri-implant plastic surgery facilitated development of healthy peri-implant structure able to withstand occlusal forces and mucogingival stress. Six months after the implant surgery, the keratinized gingiva was absent in the buccal of the implant and the vestibular groove was a little shallow. The free gingival graft technique was used to solve the vestibulum oris groove supersulcus and the absence of keratinized gingiva around the implant. The deepening of vestibular groove and broadening of keratinized gingiva were conducive to the long-term health and stability of the tissue surrounding the implant. Implant installation and prosthetic restoration showed favorable outcome after six months.

Use of a 10,600-nm CO2 Laser Mandibular Vestibular Extension in a Patient With a Chromosomal Abnormality.

Vestibuloplasty involves a series of surgical procedures designed to restore alveolar ridge height by lowering the muscles attached to the buccal, labial, and lingual aspects of the jaws. The technique is indicated in cases of insufficient vestibular depth that may result from atrophy of the alveolar ridge and/or high attachment of muscle or movable mucosa. This article focuses on a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser vestibular extension procedure performed in a patient with Klinefelter syndrome, which is caused by a chromosomal abnormality. The 10,600-nm CO2 laser is shown to offer several advantages over a conventional scalpel and other laser wavelengths for soft-tissue pre-prosthetic surgery, including vestibular extension.

Soft tissue augmentation procedures at second-stage surgery: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of different soft tissue augmentation/correction methods in terms of increasing the peri-implant width of keratinized mucosa (KM) and/or gain of soft tissue volume during second-stage surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Screening of two databases, MEDLINE (PubMed) and EMBASE (OVID), and hand search of related articles, were performed. Human studies reporting on soft tissue augmentation/correction methods around submucosally osseointegrated implants during second-stage surgery up to July 31, 2015 were considered. Quality assessment of the selected full-text articles was performed according to the Cochrane collaboration's tool to assess the risk of bias. RESULTS: Overall, eight prospective studies (risk of bias: high) and two case series (risk of bias: high) were included. Depending on the surgical technique and graft material used, the enlargement of keratinized tissue (KT) ranged between -0.20 and 9.35 mm. An apically positioned partial-thickness flap/vestibuloplasty (APPTF/VP) in combination with a free gingival graft (FGG) or a xenogeneic graft material (XCM) was most effective. Applying a roll envelope flap (REF) or an APPTF in combination with a subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG), mean increases in soft tissue volumes of 2.41 and 3.10 mm, respectively, were achieved. Due to the heterogeneity of study designs, no meta-analysis could be performed. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this review, regarding the enlargement of peri-implant KT, the APPTF in the maxilla and the APPTF/VP in combination with FGG or XCM in the lower and upper jaw seem to provide acceptable outcomes. To augment peri-implant soft tissue volume REF in the maxilla or APPTF + SCTG in the lower and upper jaw appear to be reliable treatment options. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The localization in the jaw and the clinical situation are crucial for the decision which second-stage procedure should be applied.

Regeneración del colapso vestibular en el sector anterior del maxilar con membrana de PTFE, aloinjerto e injerto de tejido conectivo. Colocación de un implante en situación ideal. Presentación de un caso clínico / Regeneration of vestibular collapse on the anterior maxillary segment with PTFE membrane, allograft and connective tissue graft. Placing an implant on the ideal position. A case report

Tras una extracción dental se produce un proceso fisiológico de reabsorción ósea, que origina una pérdida de volumen en los maxilares, y que de producirse a nivel de la tabla ósea vestibular se conoce con el término de colapso vestibular. Para evitar o reducir el nivel de reabsorción se llevan a cabo técnicas de preservación alveolar. En determinadas situaciones la pérdida de volumen es previa a la exodoncia, y va acompañada de pérdida de inserción de tejidos blandos. En estos casos se pueden utilizar membranas sintéticas no reabsorbibles de politetrafluoroetileno (PTFE), que aíslan el alveolo del epitelio y el medio externo. Se presenta el caso de un varón de 48 años que muestra una recesión gingival severa con fenestración apical en el diente 11. Tras la extracción se rellena el alveolo con aloinjerto desmineralizado Mineross y membrana de PTFE. A los 5 meses, y con la mejoría de volumen óseo obtenido se procede a la colocación de un implante en la posición tridimensional ideal en el maxilar, y de un injerto de tejido conectivo subepitelial para optimizar el volumen de tejido blando (AU)

After a tooth extraction a physiological process of bone resorption occurs, resulting in a loss of volume in the maxillary, and because it occurs at the level of the buccal bone plate is known by the term vestibular collapse. To avoid or reduce the level of absorption, techniques of alveolar preservation are carried out. In certain situations the volume loss is prior to extraction, and it is accompanied by insertion loss of soft tissue. In these cases you can use non absorbable synthetic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes, which isolate the socket of the epithelium and the external environment. For a 48 year old male showing severe gingival recession with apical fenestration on tooth 11. After dental extraction the socket is filled with demineralized allograft Mineross and PTFE membrane. 5 months later, and with improvement of bone volume obtained, following process is the placement of an implant in an ideal three-dimensional position in the maxillary, and a subepithelial connective tissue graft to optimize the volume of soft tissue (AU)

[Comparative study of long term result of auto- and allografts for keratinized gingiva restoration in vestibuloplasty area on the lower jaw].

The purpose of the study was to assess the changes in the width and quality of keratinized tissue created in the area of vestibuloplasty on the lower jaw. Preliminary results of the study showed that autotransplantation method allows creating proper buffer zone with the desired mucosa thickness and is particularly justified in cases of "washing board" effect. However, the method is technically more demanding and is more expensive and painfull for patients. The use of alternative materials of artificial origin, such as "Mucograft" and "Tachocomb" simplifies the execution of operation, thereby reducing operational risk, but often does not lead to the formation of a fully keratinized gingiva.